infectious disease
revere | September 21, 2007We've talked here fairly often (see, for example, here) that the way and how far influenza virus spreads isn't understood or known precisely. That seems to be a big surprise, not only to the public but to many in the public health community who should know better. That's why I was pleased to see that this dirty little secret is finding its way into the public press (hat tip from one of our many readers in Oz, RobT):
It was a simple question: how far could a virus spluttered out of someone's mouth travel?
When Professor Lidia Morawska went looking for an answer, she was staggered to find…
revere | September 20, 2007For whatever reason, TB control is back on the front burner. TB remains a worldwide scourge and has always had a dedicated cadre of public health professionals battling it. Now they are getting some new ammunition and reinforcements. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is weighing in with a substantial $280 million five year program, most of which goes to vaccine development. An effective TB vaccine is the Holy Grail of TB control. We know much more about the immune system than in the past, so maybe soon we'll see the breakthrough everyone in the field has been hoping for. Until preventive…
tsmith | September 18, 2007...They make be spreading disease.
British hospitals are working on keeping that in check by implementing a new dress code:
British hospitals are banning neckties, long sleeves and jewelry for doctors -- and their traditional white coats -- in an effort to stop the spread of deadly hospital-borne infections, according to new rules published Monday.
Hospital dress codes typically urge doctors to look professional, which, for male practitioners, has usually meant wearing a tie. But as concern over hospital-born infections has intensified, doctors are taking a closer look at their clothing.
"…
tsmith | September 17, 2007 Regular readers may have seen me mention on occasion my father's rather large family. My dad is the youngest of a family of 13 children--12 of whom survived to adulthood. Before my dad was born, he lost a brother to complications from infection with chicken pox; he had a severe infection and developed a fatal secondary pneumonia at just a year old. This was back in the early 1940s, prior to the widespread use of modern antibiotics and certainly long before vaccination for chicken pox. Still, despite the availability of effective chicken pox vaccines today, people still knowingly…
revere | September 17, 2007War's travel companion, Disease, is stalking Baghdad. This disease, cholera, is totally preventable and easily treatable under ordinary circumstances. Of course these aren't ordinary circumstances. Thanks to the invasion and the subsequent US occupation and the resistance to it there has been a total breakdown in civil order. The result is the kind of epidemic disease one associates with Victorian London or mid-19th century America, not a 21st century (once) developed country:
A cholera epidemic in northern Iraq has infected approximately 7,000 people and could reach Baghdad within weeks as…
tsmith | September 14, 2007Just a quick post to note that fellow ScienceBlogger Nick Anthis has up a post on HIV denial in South Africa. Though this is a topic I've touched on, he goes into a deeper history of it, including more about the cultural reasons for denial (whereas I typically focus more on the science).
In other news, I have an editorial today in the The Times Higher Education Supplement in London. You can find it here (registration required).
tsmith | September 13, 2007Clostridium difficile is an emergent bacterium. A close relative of the bacteria that cause tetanus and botulilsm (Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum, respectively), C. difficile is an intestinal bacterium that can cause colitis. C. difficile has until recently been a fairly rare cause of disease, and then only typically within a hospital setting. However, the emergence of a new, highly virulent strain of the bacterium a few years ago, coinciding with an increase in the rate of serious infections it caused, put this pathogen on the map. And like methicillin-resistant…
revere | September 12, 2007There are a lot of nasty viruses out there, many with strange names that suggest they are mainly problems for remote sections of the rain forest.Since I don't go to remote sections of the rain forest they have been mostly an object of academic interest for me. One of these viruses is an arthopodborne beauty called chikungunya, which has been ably and informatively blogged by my SciBling Tara Smith at Aetiology. But every autumn I head off to a scientific meeting in northern Italy (Emilia Romagna) and now I find that chikungunya has arrived there ahead of me:
A recent outbreak of the…
tsmith | September 11, 2007I mentioned in this post on Marburg virus that another outbreak of hemorrhagic fever had been reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC, formerly Zaire). It's now been officially reported by labs in Congo and Gabon that, indeed, this new outbreak is due to the Ebola virus. More on this after the jump.
As I've written previously, the DRC has been especially hard-hit by filovirus outbreaks. This was one of the places where Ebola first made its appearance in the human population, and was also the site of large outbreaks of the virus in 1995 and 2001 (with another Marburg outbreak…
tsmith | September 10, 2007 September 8th was world rabies day. In the United States, this was celebrated with the news that the canine rabies strain appears to be eliminated from this country. In the U.S., rabies in both humans and domestic animals remains rare, though the virus remains endemic in several species of wildlife (especially raccoons, skunks, and bats). However, worldwide, rabies remains a significant public health problem, causing an estimated 50-60,000 deaths per year worldwide--one death every ten minutes. More after the jump...
First, the news about the U.S. and dog rabies. Like most viruses,…
tsmith | September 7, 2007 Or something like that.
I rarely watch TV, but one of the few things I watch every now and then are reruns of the multiple incarnations of Law & Order shows when I run into them on TNT or one of those cable stations. They have all kinds of "ripped from the headlines" story plots, but this is the first time I can recall where a news story was ripped from L&O (well, except that it takes place in Danbury, Connecticut instead of Manhattan):
Two people in Danbury have been infected with anthrax contracted from animal skins.
Officials say Ase-AmenRa Kariamu contracted 'cutaneous anthrax…
tsmith | September 6, 2007While E. coli typically makes the news as a food-borne pathogen, that's only one facet of the bacterium. It can be deadly, sure, but it also helps us digest our food; it produces vitamin K for us; benign strains can even protect us from invading pathogens. It's one of the most-studied bacterial species and a "workhorse" for research in microbiology and molecular biology. We use it as a marker of fecal contamination in water, and it can even be used to produce insulin for diabetes patients. So it may come as no surprise that it may one day be a cavity fighter as well:
Imagine being able…
revere | September 6, 2007Australia's severe flu season reminds us, in dramatic fashion, that "regular" (seasonal) influenza can still be a severe disease. It's not just the elderly, but children, too. What about children in the developing world? What would you find if you went into one of Bangladesh's urban slums? We now have some information, presented as a Letter to the Editor in CDC's journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases. Children under the age of 13 with fever and symptoms of an influenza-like illness (dengue fever was excluded) in 2001 were tested for acute infection via antibodies to H1N1 or H3N2 influenza,…
tsmith | September 4, 2007Denial has real consequences-- MMR plea by doctors as measles cases treble in 11 weeks:
Parents have been urged to give their children the MMR vaccine as it was revealed Britain is in the middle of the worst measles outbreak for 20 years.
The unprecedented warning from the Health Protection Agency came as the number of children suffering from the disease trebled over the last 11 weeks.
This is the worst outbreak since the controversial MMR vaccine was introduced in 1988.
Take-up of the triple jab - which also protects against mumps and rubella - plummeted to 80 per cent after Dr Andrew…
tsmith | August 31, 2007 As I mentioned in the introductory post, we know incredibly little about the very basics of Marburg virus ecology and epidemiology. The sporadic nature of outbreaks of illness, their occurrence in remote areas of Africa lacking established medical research capabilities, and often in countries experiencing governmental strife and instability, compound the difficulty of determining the ecology of this particular virus. Often, the primary case (the first person in an outbreak known to be infected, and who likely acquired the virus from its wild reservoir) died before questions could be…
tsmith | August 31, 2007Those familiar with the history of influenza probably know about the 1918 outbreak of swine influenza in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. In the fall of that year, the National Swine Show and Exposition in Cedar Rapids opened, bringing people and their hogs from miles around. Soon after it opened its doors, people noticed their swine were becoming sick--and the symptoms looked suspisciously like those of human influenza. When the virus was characterized years later, it was indeed found to be the influenza virus--and it was very similar to ones that were isolated from humans.
This characterization of…
tsmith | August 30, 2007As I've noted before, filoviruses are some of my favorite pathogens. I don't work on them myself--though in the pre-children era I certainly thought about it--but I find them absolutely fascinating to read about and follow the literature. Mostly, I think, this is because after knowing about them for so many years (Marburg was discovered in 1967), and so much research (over 1500 papers in Pubmed, or roughly a paper for every person these viruses have killed), we still know relatively little about the most basic questions--such as where there viruses are maintained in nature, and how they…
tsmith | August 24, 2007...and that's not just a comment on the weather here. The past few days have been packed. In addition to the work stuff, I've been gearing up for classes next week and getting my kids off to their new school year (and my son in kindergarten). It's always nice when hard work pays off, but it would be even nicer if it didn't all pay off in the same week. But of course, when it rains, it pours. In addition to the publicity for the HIV article, a Reuters story on my Streptococcus suis talk in Wisconsin came out earlier this week, and was mentioned in the ProMed email alerts yesterday:…
revere | August 24, 2007Pandemic influenza gets its share of headlines but there are other viruses out there that also are good tabloid fodder, most notably Ebola virus which causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever, whose gruesome effects were depicted in Richard Preston's book, The Hot Zone. Ebola has some close relatives in the filovirus family, among them Marburg virus. Like Ebola it can cause a gruesome demise. Marburg has cause several outbreaks in Africa, one of the largest in Angola at the end of 2004, early 2005 (see the Wikipedia article on Marburg for more details). One of the enduring mysteries is where the virus…
revere | August 23, 2007If you were an organic farmer you might be a tad pissed if the government came along and sprayed your crop with pesticide without your consent, essentially spoiling it. But that's what happened near Sacramento north of the American River between July 30 and August 1, as the local mosquito control district did aerial spraying to "control" mosquitoes that might be carrying West Nile virus. They aprayed 86 square miles (55,000 acres), home to 375,000 people:
Lab tests by Environmental Micro Analysis, an independent lab in Woodland, showed crops from at least one farm in Citrus Heights were…